Written by Dr. Shyam Sundar Gupta, PhD, Medically Reviewed by Dr. Ajay Kumar Tiwari, MD (Ay.)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem in the world. Identification of risk factors of CKD is essential because some factors can be controlled and it may be prevented or decreased progression of CKD. The factors such as family history, age, preterm birth, overweight, obesity, uric acid, drug use, smoking and the diseases, such as hypertension, anemia, and diabetes which are associated with CKD.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of chronic kidney disease due to hyperfiltration injury, reactive oxygen species, and advanced glycosylation end products (1, 2).
Overweight and Obesity
Overweight and obesity are associated with the excess risk for CKD (3). The high waist to hip ratio is linked to higher filtration fraction, lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (4).
Hypertension
Hypertension is a clear risk factor for CKD. Systemic hypertension causes intraglomerular capillary pressure that decreases the kidney function (2).
Nephrotoxins
The exposure to heavy metals, usage of alcohol, recreational and analgesic drugs may cause CKD (5).
Smoking
Smoking can induce the risk of CKD through oxidative stress, proinflammatory state, prothrombotic shift, glomerulosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and tubular atrophy (6).
Family History
Family history of CKD is a high frequency of CKD (7).
Age
The function of the kidney is decreased with ageing in both men and women (9).
Anemia
Anemia is a worldwide problem of CKD and it is caused due to decrement in the renal production of erythropoietin (10).
Preterm birth
Preterm birth is linked to decreased nephron mass that may cause kidney disease progression later in life (11).
Uric acid
Increased serum uric acid is an indicator for decreased kidney function. Uric acid may have a role in the occurrence, and development of renal functional decline (12).
Note: Please consult your family doctor before applying any health tips of Amrit Health Tips website (www.amrithealthtips.com).
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